Rest of the cases are having hormonal and non-hormonal non-genetic risk factors. Only 5–10% of all breast cancer cases are due to genetic factors i.e., the inheritance of mutations in breast cancer susceptible genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2). It is widely accepted that breast cancer is hormonally influenced, with most of the risk factors associated with the exposure of breast to stimulatory effects of female reproductive hormones, mostly estrogens, leading to increased cellular proliferation due to which normal cells gets converted into breast cancerous cells. Generally, this type of cancer is commonly found in women. Among all these, breast cancer is the most common that occurs in the human body system. Cancer is of various types like kidney cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer, etc. These cancer cells can spread or metastasize from one part of the body to another part and damage the patient’s quality of life. Cancer is a multi-factorial complex disease. In the human body, sometimes cells begin to grow out of control and divide into a large number of abnormal cells usually known as cancer cells. XRF techniques and sample preparation methods for analysis of biological samples are also reviewed. from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of breast cancer. This chapter considers trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl, Ca, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Se, As and Sr. A significant association between the abnormal concentration of trace elements and breast cancer has been found in many studies using XRF techniques like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence (SRIXE). Trace elements have an important function in biological and metabolism processes including activation or inhibition of enzymatic reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), competition between trace elements and metal proteins for binding positions and modifications in the permeability of cellular membranes which influence carcinogenic processes. Breast cancer is the most common serious disease that occurs in the human body.
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